In this sense, plants with a great fruit set must be “prepared” to support a larger production: fertilization and irrigation must adequately satisfy the major removal of the plant, pruning must balance vegetative and reproductive aspects and must be done every year, and, during the summer, plant protection must be applied in order not to vain all the improvements. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. (A) “speedy” (Dall’Agata, Forlì, Italy) is a battery dry distributor for pollen: Lycopodium (45–55%) mix (5–7 h/ha); (B) “ElettroEASY” (Volpi, Mantova, Italy) is a battery diaphragm pump for liquid pollination (4 h/ha); (C) “Soffi@PollineZ” (Biotac, Verona, Italy) is an engine blower with dry distributor for pure pollen for dry pollination (1 h/ha); (D) “Spruzz@Polline TR” (Gerbaudo, Cuneo, Italy) is a sprayer with fogger-type nozzles attached to the tractor, for liquid pollination (2 h/ha); (E) “pon-pon” (homemade ball covered with velluto) for flower-to-flower manual dry pollination) (25 h/ha); and (F) “Ventole” (Romani, Verona, Italy) consists of two fans attached to the tractor for air and pollen shuffling (0.5 h/ha). Liang et A.R. Tacconi Gianni and Michelotti Vania (June 6th 2018). Moreover, depending on the cultivar, the environmental conditions, the specific tree and shoot, and ovary abortion could occur many weeks after pollination [36]. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. This observation leads to define kiwifruit pollination as a new model for crop fruit pollination that could be applied in other wind pollination (anemophily) trees such as olive tree, hazelnut, and pistachio that were studied but without a practical application (Figure 4) [6, 12, 13]. The experimental design was a randomized block in standard orchards (female:male rate 1:6) with T-bar (Verona and Cuneo) and pergola (in Latina) trellis systems. As shown in Figure 10, it was overcome by Soffi@PollineZ pollinator, probably because with pon-pon some flowers were not touched, whereas the pollen powder blown reaches all the canopy. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. Easy test for the evaluation of pistil exudate production: the maximum dry pollen receptivity is at early morning with flowers at the petal fall stage when almost all ovules are receptive (left). Polli is highly cost effective and is a proven kiwifruit pollination method that increases fruit size, increases yield and generates higher grower returns. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Hayward) artificial pollination is a crucial technique useful to increase fruit quality and size. Given the optimal pollen quality and optimal agronomical management (irrigation, fertilization, pruning), the results could vary in relation to the choice of the floral stage of intervention in relation to the type of pollination. Regarding cyclone system, pollen RH increases with air RH increasing (RH), whereas in the case of filter system, pollen RH is about 10% independently to the air RH (Figure 8). This survey will open in a new tab and you can fill it out after your visit to the site. The experimentations started on 2014 thanks to the resourcefulness of an olive grower, Gianfranco D’Isola, on Lake of Garda (Brescia, North Italy). The main problems are self-incompatibility, scarce pollen from wild, wrong pollinator cultivars in the orchard, pollen quality and quantity, lack of coincidence of blooming period, and adverse climate conditions. The pollination technique can also be used to balance the vegetative-reproductive balance of the plant and mitigate the alternation of production. However, artificial pollination efficiency depends on many parameters such as pollen quality (germinability, humidity, and conservation), pollination system (dry or liquid), coadjuvants, and flowering stage. The fruit size obtained in the thesis pollinated with pollen-Lycopodium mixture was lower than the thesis pollinated with pure pollen: average weight 96 g with the addition of lycopodium, 106 g with pure pollen, and 75 g free pollinated fruit (data not shown). This phenomenon is visible observing the longitudinal section of the fruit (Figure 13) because, excluding phenomena of water stress, the ovule’s maturation is not simultaneous and starts from the petiole side to the tip side of the flower. C.F. The commercial available equipments used in the pollination system’s comparative test and their working capacity. Pollen humidity related to collecting systems and environmental conditions (left) and effect of pollen humidity on germination during years of storage at −18°C (right). Actinidia flowering is scalar, and the same flower is viable for about 4 days, in normal climatic condition, after that the pistil degenerates and starts the fruit set (Figure 11 and related movie). Pollen germinability was evaluated as described for Actinidia. The experiences developed in kiwifruit lead to define a new model crop fruit set that could be applied to anemophilous pollinated plants such as olive tree, where the fruit set are lower than 2%. In this paragraph, the interaction between pollination systems and the flowering stage will be elucidated, in order to understand which is the best flowering stage in relation to the pollination system adopted. What usually happens when you cut up a piece of fruit to eat or to put in a salad? Schematic representation of the operating principle of the two pollen separation systems and related critical points. Also, a modest improvement in the percentage of fruit setting leads to significant production increase [25]. Artificial pollination is essential in Japan to produce kiwifruit of marketable size and shape. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (ANOVA Tukey P 0.05). This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Leccino in 2014 (left) and 2016 (right). Germination latency period and tube length are inversely proportional to the temperature of germination (Figure 7). Built by scientists, for scientists. Hayward, is maximum at the petal fall stage (Figure 13). The 2015 season saw Lyndon and Aroha Heaslip take over the business from Brian and Shiree McGillivray. During pollen collection the data recorded were air temperature and RH, amount of pollen per hour, cultivars collected, germinability, and pollen RH. The humidity of the pollen is important for pollen long-term storage. Kiwifruit needs high levels of pollination, unlike most other fruits. Male plants must be planted amongst female plants to provide viable pollen, so must bloom at the same time as the female cultivar. © 2018 The Author(s). It could be interesting to develop also a super-intensive orchard where mechanized pollen collecting will be possible, analogously to the mechanical fruit harvesting, whereas the pollen spreading could be easily mechanized with blower for the tractor (already used in kiwifruit as reported inwww.biotac.it) or with drones. People collect pollen by hand from male flowers and spread it onto female flowers. Among the "new pollinators" are a number of old, native North American species which have been both encouraged to pollinate crops and in some cases, actually managed, i.e. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. New histological analysis is under way in order to study the relationship between flower stage and ovary maturation. Flowers are pollinated and thinned in the early summer. Usually, the best pollination method considered is the manual method of pon-pon but because of its considerable employment of labor is rarely used in commercial orchards. These experiments will help also to elucidate the real cultivar cross compatibility: conflicting reports about the classification of pollen compatibility exist. Kiwifruit artificial pollination was first studied by Dr. Hopping in 70 years [7, 18, 19] in New Zealand and in Italy, in collaboration with Dr. Cacioppo and Dr. Galimberti in Latina, in 1987 (Figure 2). Male vines are often planted at a 1 : 8 ratio, with every third plant male in every third row. The first parameter that is considered to define the pollen quality is the germinability. The pollination was made one time in the early morning with moderate air temperature and higher RH, at the middle of flowering when 95% of flowers were open and many corollas were fallen down but with white pistils. Kiwifruit vine artificial pollination was firstly studied in New Zealand and in Italy in the 80s in order to optimize the kiwifruit fruit set and production. In this immersive installation of photographs and wallpaper, Michigan-based photographer Jason DeMarte weaves together detailed images of fauna (birds, caterpillars, and moths) and flora (local plants and flowers). In Actinidia, fertilization appends within only 6 h after pollination (Figure 15), and this aspect facilitates the study of the relation between the moment of pollination and the flower stage. Kiwifruit flowers are pollinated by insects, but the flowers are a bit unusual. For yellow flash kiwifruit, it is less evident, and the flower has a lower self-life compared with Hayward and evolves within 1–2 days to late flowering stages. Pollination of Kiwifruit Kiwifruit typically have a simple flower, no nectar reward, male and female plants produce pollen (female pollen is inert, non viable) Male plants are typically distributed at equal distance from each other in the orchard A Tauranga kiwifruit orchardist has one less challenge on his plate this spring by using the PollenSmart artificial pollination machine for the second consecutive season. reared in artificial nest aggregations and delivered to crop sites. In order to evaluate the influence of the fruit, the number on the fruit quality, at harvesting was measured: harvesting time, total fruit collected per tree, fruit diameter, average weight, and oil yield. However, artificial pollination efficiency depends on the timing of application and the pollination system. Artificial pollination was tested by taking advantage of previous expertise developed in artificial pollination of Actinidia, using Aspir@PollineMini2 (Figure 16) to suck pollen and Soffi@PollineZ (Figures 9C and 16) (Biotac, Verona, Italy). These parameters were evaluated under different conditions of pollen harvesting, conservation at different temperatures and different times, exposition at different temperatures, and manipulation before and during pollination. Two artificial pollination field trials were carried out in Central Chile (32°S. Here’s the reason. Pollen is collected from male plants, and to maintain its viability is necessary to avoid high temperature and high humidity. Pollination in Kiwi Farming. Artificial Pollination in Kiwifruit and Olive Trees, Pollination in Plants, Phatlane William Mokwala, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74831. It has been hypothesized that the movement of the braches and the panicles made during pollen suction increases pollen dispersion inside the tree. Analogously, with Speedy some flowers were not pollinated and, in addition the role of Lycopodium, will be analyzed in another experiment. Many grains germinate, but in different ways due to their different germination energies (germinability related to the time or germination tube length), and it is evident recording pollen germination under microscope (Figure 5 and related movie). After the first evidence where liquid pollination appears more efficient before petal fall, the interaction between flowering stage and pollination system was investigated. Step 2. In staminate flowers, the pistil is either rudimentary or absent. Also, an increase in male:female ratio to 1:1 (Figure 3) was not enough, in many cases, to optimize the pollination. Artificial pollination is the process of humans pollinating crops instead of bees. In the last 10 years, kiwifruit vine artificial pollination became a widespread practice useful to increase fruit quality. The role of Lycopodium was evaluated in 2013 in Verona by comparing two systems of dry pollination with and without Lycopodium added. The movement of pollen and flowers between orchards and regions must … Physiological aspects, climatic conditions, and human practices are integrated. Moreover, it is possible to establish a pollen bank for the farmers and for research purposes and identify some varieties with the higher compatibility producing the higher amount of pollen and perhaps a universal pollinizer. This difference is due to the lower pressure inside the filter system and, therefore, lower temperature in comparison to external one, such that water vapor in the air is condensed and extracted. Frantoio was dead because of frost winter. With artificial pollination, use of a liquid pollen extender has provided a convenient (Hopping, 1982), but expensive option. Both of these problems make it tricky to grow lots of big kiwifruit. As a company of innovation, Kiwi Pollen is constantly working on research and development which will advance artificial pollination practises and complement current technology. This experiment was repeated for 4 years (2010–2013) in Verona, Cuneo, and Latina using Soffi@PollineZ for dry pollination and “ElettroEASY” (or similar diaphragm pump) for liquid pollination. Good results were also obtained with liquid pollination applied 2 days before the other when the 90% of flowers at the stage of petal fall. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. Collecting and processing male pollen is very expensive, so the RoboBee will save a lot of pollen wastage. Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) bear both hermaphrodite and staminate flowers [29, 30] in the form of panicles [31]. In 1962, New Zealand growers began calling it "kiwifruit" to give it more market appeal, and this name has been widely accepted and publicized despite the fact that it is strictly artificial and non-traditional. Fruits marked at the time of harvesting with the ribbon attached during pollination in order to go back the original flowering stage during pollination. The possibility to collect and store pollen for many years allows to test the compatibility of varieties with very different flowering times: it is possible also pollinate an early flowering variety with the pollen taken from a late flowering ones. The flowers are not entomophilous pollinated, in fact they produce large quantity of pollen and don’t have nectaries [33, 34]. That result indicates that the presence of this inert may adversely affect fertilization, regardless of the distribution system. Result of olive tree pollination on self-sterile cv. Both liquid and dry pollinations are effective if done at the right flowering stage: liquid pollination not later than early petal fall stage, dry pollination, with pure pollen, at petal fall stage (in cv. Psa3 was said to have been introduced to New Zealand by a consignment of kiwifruit pollen imported into New Zealand from China for the new use of commercial artificial pollination of kiwifruit orchards. All the experiments and field trials were done without specific founding, except for the trials conducted by AIPOL. It was commercially adopted as the trade name in 1974. Those parameters were well defined in Actinidia in recent studies, however, they remain quite undefined for other anemophilous pollinated trees such as olive tree, hazelnut, pistachio, and palm. In order to pollinate early and late flowering flowers, the pollination must be done in two steps or more in particular in yellow flash kiwifruit. Keywords: sunflower / bee pollination / hybrid seed production Introduction Adequate pollination of kiwi flowers guarantees better fruit quality and higher fruit weight. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Kiwifruit artificial pollination, in conventional orchard, increases the production up to 30% (Figures 10 and 12) due to bigger fruit size. Hayward (female) and cv. Supplying pollen, artificial pollination products and services to kiwifruit growers nationwide. Of course, the pollination must be inserted in a context of adequate agronomic management in order to support the greater production. Pollination of crop plants is often the major requirement in achieving sufficient crop set [1, 2]. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Female flowers have no nectar but use fake pollen to attract pollinating insects. Due to the current Corona developments we feel it is important to keep you as a customer updated on how we are managing this situation as a company. Artificial pollination seems particularly suited also to olive tree because of a wind-pollinated crop, hermaphrodite but with many flowers specialized for pollen production, and in many cases self-incompatible [32]. Example of data collected by AiPol on 2016 in sale Marasino (Brescia, IT) in a field trial of 20 plants of cv. Pollen could germinate but stop early in the tube growth: must it be considered right for pollination or not? Moreover, the pollinizer plant where pollen was collected, often self-compatible, showed a fruit set about 10% higher than the control (Table 2). By Sandra Patussi Brammer, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Liane Balvedi Poersch, Ana Rafaela Oliveira and Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. It was estimated that a good commercial yield could be reacted if at least 1% of the total number of flowers set fruits and remaining until harvest [31]. Open-pollinated plants were used as control in all the experiments. In practice it is picked up from the collecting machine every 45 min and stored at 4°C for ready usage (up to 7 days) or for long storage at −18°C (3 years if its humidity is lower than 12%) (Figure 8). The germination was observed at intervals of about 1 h for 15 h under the microscope (Olympus BX51 microscope at 200 magnifications with Olympus DP50 camera). Many aspects are in common with olive (Olea europaea L.) and can be applied to its pollination. Olive fruit set are very low, less than 2% of flowers, which in Northern Italy means about 10 kg of fruit per plant [25]. 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